The value of nursing leadership to healthcare reform Scholarship Essay

The value of nursing leadership to healthcare reform - Scholarship Essay Example These factors hold good whether the reform takes place in the public or private sector, and whether it takes place in a service or manufacturing industry/area. As can be seen from the above section, the change process requires leadership from all levels of the organization including physicians, top management, nursing staff, and other sections of service providers in the healthcare sector. This paper reviews the concept of nursing leadership in the context of healthcare reforms. It is felt that developing leadership among nurses is important since they play an important role in healthcare. It is these employees who have the closest association with patients and are responsible for implementing any reforms that are implemented for their (patient’s) benefit. In the process, the paper will review the concepts of leadership (in nursing) reform/ change management, and how it can be applied to the nursing sector. The area of study (through review of literature) will be the healthcar e reforms in the United States. Leadership in the nursing industry – a brief review: The problem within an organization is to identify and develop leadership qualities among its employees at different levels. The problem with the nursing sector was that they are seen as submissive to the demands put forward by their hierarchical superiors and the demands of the patients (Ivanov & Blue, 2008, 19). With such behviours engrained into the profession, it would be a challenge to develop competent nurse leaders even in a status quo situation. It becomes more challenging when reforms are involved. Secondly, the nursing profession has been plagued by a command and control style according to Moss (2005, 80). In effect, an autocratic style of leadership is exhibited by nursing managers towards their subordinates. The author is of the opinion that this creates an atmosphere that is not conducive to development of leadership within the profession. What is required is a participative or tr ansformational approach by the leader who is attuned to the sensitivities of their subordinates and patients. They should also be receptive to new ideas whether it is provided by superiors or subordinates. The advantage here is that subordinates will have a sense of fulfillment and will become willing participants in the reform process. More on leadership styles and its impact on the nursing leadership concept will be given in later sections of this paper. The third major challenge, especially in the United States is severe shortage of qualified nurses. According to some studies, a shortage of forty thousand to one million nurses will be experienced in the healthcare sector in the country by 2020. It can be said that these are the main challenges to developing effective nursing leadership. Healthcare reform in nursing: Nursing is all about caring and the profession should develop a humanistic approach with regard to patients, other staff members, the organization and the community ( Marshall & Coughlin, 2011, 185). Healthcare reforms usually focus on streamlining the affordability of healthcare, insurance issues, and solving the problems associated with Medicare and Medicaid (through reduced government spending), these does not directly affect the nursing profession at the grassroots level. These are basically administrative, social, and financial issues and nursing professionals have to implement the statutes and guidelines that are brought about

Reasons Why Corporate Acquisitions Occur and Fail Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Corporate Acquisitions Occur and Fail Essay There are a number of reasons why a firm purchases another company. Mullins (2001) stated several of these reasons, one of which includes the most apparent and important reason—to increase profit and maximize its shareholder’s wealth. Elimination of competition is another reason to acquire a firm. Some companies acquire their competitors to reduce competition and improve its position in the market. However, acquisition for this purpose is against the law according to the antitrust acts. As a result, the acquiring firms emphasize in its press release that the acquisition is not anti-competitive but a way to better serve the customers. If the U. S. regulatory agencies, however, construe that the acquisition could be anti-competitive, the acquisition may be blocked. Company growth is also one of the reasons why acquisitions occur. Acquisition is also an approach used when the acquiring firm has excess cash which can be used for investments. To reduce corporate risk, firms also purchase another company which could result in improved earnings and sales stability. For instance, a clothing company specializes in swimwear while another clothing firm designs winter clothes. Thus, purchasing the swimwear company to gain profit during summer and spring is a good strategy to eliminate the sales instability of the winter clothing company caused by the changes in season. This example could also be used to illustrate another reason why acquisitions occur—to enter another market. The target firm’s experience and resources, including its employees’ expertise and business relationships, are readily available for the acquiring firm to take advantage of. Thus, rather than start a swimwear collection of its own, it would be much easier for the winter clothing company to acquire the swimwear company. A company’s resources could also be the target of the acquiring firm. These resources may be tangible (e. g. , plant and equipment), intangible (e. g. , trade secrets and patents), or talents of the target firm’s employees. Another reason cited for acquiring a firm is synergy, which is a term used to describe efficiency gained from doing more than one thing. For example, it is a good strategy for a meat processing company to acquire a leather goods manufacturer as they require the same raw material. Finally, acquisition occurs when the owners of a family-owned business wish to retire or leave the business and the next generation is not interested to continue the business (Mullins, 2001). In an interview conducted by Barnett (2004) for her article, Benoit shared another reason why acquisitions occur. He stated that acquisition allows the acquiring firms to get new clients. The escalating stock prices and reasonable interest rates were also considered as reasons for the increase in the number of acquisition deals (Flanagan, et al. , 2004). Even with these good reasons, many corporate acquisitions fail. A survey conducted by the KMPG reported that 83 percent of the acquisitions fell short of the forecasted plans (Lear, 2000). Additionally, in the book of Galpin and Herndon (The Complete Guide for Merging and Acquisitions, 2000), studies showed that only 23 percent of all acquisitions earn their cost of capital. In addition, the stock prices of acquiring companies rise only 30 percent of the time after an announcement of the acquisition deal. 70 percent of the cases observed also revealed that synergies projected for acquisition deals are unattained. â€Å"People† problems and cultural issues were also noted as the most cited reasons in failed integration (cited in Flanagan, et al. , 2004). Barnet (2004) and Lear (2000) agree with Galpin and Herndon’s findings which cite the clash of cultures of the two firms being combined could be a reason for acquisition failure if the integration is not facilitated well. Acquisitions fail when acquiring firms do not carefully consider and analyze the culture of the two firms being combined and their compatibility in areas like personality, work styles, integrity, and trust Barnett, 2004). References Barnett, S. (October 1, 2004). Mergers: its a culture issue; Most of the time, the reason behind the merger/acquisition is to reach new clients. The National Public Accountant. Retrieved October 27, 2007 from http://www. allbusiness. com/management/583960-1. html Flanagan, D. , et al. (2004). Merger and acquisition opportunities: due diligence activities offer internal auditors numerous opportunities to help ensure the success of proposed company integrations. Internal Auditor, August 2004, 55–59 Lear, R. W. (April 1, 2000). The artic1es of acquisition. The Chief Executive. Retrieved October 27, 2007 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4070/is_2000_April/ai_63609542/ print Mullins, G. E. (2001). Mergers and acquisitions: boon or bane? Central Wisconsin Economic Research Bureau. Special Report, Second Quarter. Retrieved October 27, 2007 from http://www. uwsp. edu/business/CWERB/2ndQtr01/SpecialReportQtr2_01. htm

Angina pectoris

Angina pectoris 1.0 Summary Angina pectoris is the chest discomfort which occurs when the heart muscle could not received sufficient oxygenated blood. It is due to atherosclerosis which is the buildup of the plaque at the coronary arteries that reduce the flow of blood to the heart. Also, angina can leads a patient to heart disease such as coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infection (MI). There are three kinds of angina which is the stable angina, unstable angina and variant angina and each of them are different from their signs and symptoms and treatments. Angina is diagnosed based on medical and family history, physical examination and test such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and coronary angiography. However, the patients conditions will determine which methods need to be used in order to cure angina. Lastly, pharmacists play an important role besides doctors in treating the angina patients. 2.0 Introduction Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort which is a common symptom indicating the sign of heart diseases, for example, coronary heart disease (CHD). The pain is caused by the insufficient of oxygen rich blood supply to the heart muscle which leads to cardiac ischaemia.1 Other than that, the cause is due to the build up of plaque called atherosclerosis which is the gradual buildup of fatty deposits and blocks several coronary arteries. As a result, the heart could not receive blood supply as the coronary arteries become narrow and stiff and this minimizes the oxygen supply to the heart.1, 2 Besides that, angina can be categorized into four different types of categories such as stable angina, unstable angina and variant angina. There are differences in these four types of angina such as signs and symptoms therefore, they required specialized treatments. For example, stable angina is very common compare to variant angina. Other than that, doctors will do some physical exam or examines the patients histories in order to diagnose whether they are in the risk of getting angina and they will uses several methods such as the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG), radioisotope scan and coronary angiography. After that, doctors will determine whether which treatment such as surgeryor medication is needed to treat the patients. However, the patients cannot recover if they didnt change their lifestyles and follow the doctors advices. 2.1 Signs and Symptoms People who are diagnosed with angina pectoris will often express the feeling of tightness, pressure, squeezing and burning in or around the chest. The patients will have an attack such as the central chest pain which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, throat, back or upper abdomen. Also, they may also encounter shortness of breath during physical activity and follow by nausea, fatigue, sweating, light-headedness, or weakness. However, not all chest discomfort is angina and sometimes it is caused by acid reflux (heart burn) and lung infection or inflammation. Also, the signs and symptoms are vary depends on the type of angina. 2.2 When does angina occur? As it was stated, angina occurs when there is an increase in the demand of oxygenated blood to the heart. Most of the time, angina occurs when the patients are doing some vigorous exercises or physical activities such as climbing hill or carrying heavy groceries. At the same time, it will occurs when the patients experiencing emotional stress, digesting heavy metal and at extreme temperature. The patients who were diagnosed with variant angina could get angina attack even when they are resting. 2.3 Causes of Angina Coronary arteries are the arteries which deliver oxygenate blood to the heart muscle in order to keep the heart pumping. However, when the heart could not receive adequate amount of blood, it can causes angina attack. There are three important coronary arteries, left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery and right coronary artery in heart which can causes angina when one of them are blocked.7 This situation reflects the symptom of coronary arteries diseases (CAD) where the arteries are narrowed down due to the buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries. Also, the buildup of plaque can cause the blood clot to form and block the arteries.2, 7 Figure 2 shows the differences between a normal and healthy artery and a block artery. Blood flows easily along the healthy arteries to the heart and the heart muscles can function normally without any interruption. However, this scene cant be seen in block arteries. Coronary arteries diseases (CAD) occurs when one of the important arteries are narrowed by the plaque and angina could be felt as the arteries are having a hard time in supplying oxygenated blood to the heart. Also, blood maybe clot at the blocked arteries and stop the blood from flowing to the heart, when this happens, patients will face myocardial infection (MI). Besides that, atherosclerosis could be cause by high level of cholesterol in blood, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol. Smoking boosts atherosclerosis by maximized blood pressure and heart rate which induce the heart to demand for more myocardial oxygen. It lowers the oxygen-carrying capacity and increases the recurrence of angina. 3.0 Classification 3.1 Stable Angina Stable angina can be described as the frequency, duration or precipitating causes remain unchanged in the past 60 days and it is the most common type of angina.3 The attack last for about 10 minutes or less than that and can be relieved by resting or medication. Hence, patients who are diagnosed with stable angina will experience episode of chest discomfort which will spreads to the arms, back, or other areas that is usually predictable. The stimulus which will maximize the myocardial oxygen demand will induces stable angina by increasing the heart rate or blood pressure of the patients.5 During physical activity, sympathetic nervous system will be activated and causes increase of the heart rate, blood pressure and contraction demanding more oxygen. When the oxygen demand is more than the heart is able to supply, chest discomfort maybe be felt and this reflects the presents of MI.4 Also, several arteries which are narrowed down due to the buildup of plaque is one of the factors. 3.2 Unstable Angina Unstable angina is more dangerous than stable angina as it is an acute coronary syndrome and should be treated as emergency and be evaluated in the hospital carefully. Also, it does not follow a pattern can happen without any physical exertion.2, 3 Patients will experience an unexpected pain or discomfort which last longer and does not relieve by rest or medication. This scenario is causes by the narrowing of the coronary arteries by atherosclerosis. However, blood clots are the major factors which contribute to the blockage of the arteries. If the plaque ruptures, blood clot may form and block the arteries as the blood clot can divide into larger clot which can cause heart attack.2 Chest discomfort can attack each time the blood is clot when the clots slightly dissolve which will later reform again. Besides that, patients will be in the risk of myocardial ischemia, severe cardiac arrhythmias or even sudden dead.6 3.3 Variant Angina Variant angina also known as Prinzmetals angina is due to the coronary artery spasm which causes the artery walls to tighten and narrow.2, 3, 6 As a result, it reduces the flow of the blood to the heart and thus, causing chest discomfort. Usually, variant angina happens during the night or early hours when a patient is at rest because of the momentary reduction of the coronary oxygen supply rather than the increase of myocardial oxygen demand.2 It may occur in a person with or without CAD as the spasms in at artery can be cause by exposure to the cold weather, emotional stress, medication which causes vasoconstriction, smoking and the use of cocaine.2 4.0 Diagnose If a person is having the angina symptoms, he or she should consult their doctor in order to find out more about their complication. Doctors, who are in duty will conducts a physical exam on the patients, ask about the symptoms and get to know the risk factors and the family history of CAD or other heart disease. Other than that, doctors also will conduct some of the following test in order to diagnose angina. 4.1 Exercise Electrocardiogram (ECG) ECG is one of the most widely used tests which measure the rate and regularity of the heartbeat.2, 5 It records the rhythm and electrical activity of the heart and thus, indicating the severity of coronary artery diseases. The patients will exercises on a treadmill while doing the ECG test since angina occurs during physical activities. ECG will show an abnormal reading if the patients have narrowing coronary arteries. However, some people with angina also have a normal ECG readings and therefore, exercise stress testing is carried out. 4.2 Coronary Angiography It is a blood vessels or heart chambers examination using X-ray and it is tested during catheterization. A catheter (fine, hollow tube) will be placed into an artery in the patients forearm or groin and advance it till it reaches the coronary artery. Next, a dye which can be detected by X-ray will injected into the coronary artery and several pictures will be obtained. These pictures are called angiograms and it is helpful for the doctors to observe which arteries are narrowed or blocked.6 4.3 Radioisotope scan It is also known as radionuclide scan which emits gamma rays. A small amount of radioactive isotope will be injected into the vein while the patients exercise. Then, the gamma rays will be detected by the gamma camera which will be placed close to the chest in order to detect which parts of the heart muscles are blocked.9 5.0 Treatment The primary cause for angina is lack of oxygen supply which cannot meet the demand of the heart. Therefore, the treatment for angina is to make sure that the heart will receives sufficient oxygen by balancing the oxygen demand and supply. There are few ways of treatment which include medication, surgery and changing the patients lifestyle. 5.1 Medical treatment 5.1.1 Nitrates Nitrates are the most popular used medicines to treat angina as it open up the blood vessels and widens the coronary arteries (vasodilation), which allow more blood to flow to the heart muscles and reduce the work of the heart.5 It plays the same effects of the endogenous nitrous oxide which result in the powerful vasodilating effects.1 Nitrates act by dilating the coronary arteries and peripheral circulation, increase the myocardial oxygen supply by maximized the coronary flow and lower the left ventricular blood pressure. Other than that, it can improve exercise tolerance in order to prolong the angina occurring by preventing coronary spasm and coronary arterial vasoconstriction caused by exercise.1, 6 Usually, sublingual nitroglycerin (GTN) tablets or spray are used to prevent ischemia before any exercise as it can quickly absorbed into the buccal mucosa to provide a relief within 3 minutes.5 Besides that, long-term nitrates for regular oral administration such as isosorbide mono nitrate are common practice among the patients. Although nitrates are non-toxic and well tolerated, it can cause headache, flushing and postural dizziness.5 5.1.2 Beta-blockers Patients who are diagnosed with angina but not contraindications will take beta-blockers as the first-line therapy.5 Beta-blockers act by reducing the rate and force of cardiac contraction, arterial blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand of the heart during physical activities and improve coronary perfusion during diastole. Other than that, there is an increase in survival rate of patients with MI who are taking beta-blockers. However, patients who have the history of bronchial asthma should not be prescribed with beta-blockers as they tend to increase coronary vasospasm due to unopposed alpha-agonist activity.3 There are a few of approved beta-blockers which are water-soluble and are used to treat angina such as perpanolol, metaprolol, atenolol, nadolol and timolol. Since they are water-soluble, it is less likely they will enter the brain and cause central adverse effects. Besides that, beta-blockers also cause side effects such as bradycardia and hypotension, lethargy, fatigu e and impotence.11 5.1.3 Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium channel blockers perform the same effects of nitrates as vasodilators and boost myocardial oxygen balance on coronary flow and blood pressure. They relieve angina and extend the exercise time to onset of angina. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium ions from flowing into the cells through open calcium channel and mediate the contraction of cardiac muscles. There are two types of calcium channel blockers, dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine and non-dihydropyridines such as diltiazen and verapamil. They act on the peripheral vasodilation, coronary vasodilation and lower the rate and force of cardiac contraction. On the other hand, patients who are suffering from heart failure should avoid varapamil and diltiazen as they cause negative inotrophic action. Other side effects of calcium channel blockers are facial flushing, headache, postural dizziness, mind ankle oedema and constipation.2 5.1.4 Antiplatelets Platelets are important in blood clotting and play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Also, it can blocks the coronary arteries and causes the heart muscles from getting sufficient oxygenated blood. Therefore, antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin are use in reducing the risk of death or nonfatal MI for patients with unstable angina. They can minimize the platelet aggregation by irreversible inhibiting the platelet enzyme cyocooxygenase-1 which prevents thrombaxane A2 formation.11 5.2 Surgery Doctors will advise the patients to undergo coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery if they cannot relieved by any medication or it is life threatening. 5.2.1 Coronary Angioplasty This is a treatment which opens blocked arteries and improves blood flow to the heart muscle, reduce chest pain and prevent heart attack. Before the doctors perform coronary angioplasty on the patients, they will do an angiogram and take an X-ray picture of the patients arteries. A catheter with a terminal balloon is introduced into an artery at the patients groin or arm. X-ray screening directs the catheter until it reaches the blocked arteries and few pictures are taken. Then, the balloon will be inflated to push the fatty tissues outward against the artery wall. A ‘stent which is a small stainless mesh tube will be placed at the newly opened arteries as it can hold up the arteries and decrease the arteries from narrowed down.2, 3 Figure 3 shows the clogged artery before and after the surgery. 5.2.3 Coronary Bypass Surgery It is the most common type of heart surgery and it has cures at least 240,000 patients in United States each year. It diverts blood around blocked arteries in the heart by attaching a vein from the leg or artery from the chest or another part of the body between the aorta and the blocked area. As a result, it creates a new route for the blood to flow to the heart and the heart muscle will receive the oxygenated blood. Increasingly, the left internal mammary artery is being used as the grafting blood vessel since it results in a better long-term result and less likely to narrow over the time compare to veins.3 Before the surgery, the patients will undergo coronary angiography to locate the narrowed arteries, have an electrocardiogram, blood test, urine test and chest X-ray to provide the latest health information for the doctors in charged. During the process, the heart of a patient will be arrested and the breastbone will be divided while the blood is send through a heart-lung machin e. After the surgery, there will be scars left on the patients and they may feel chest discomfort which will tone down over time.10 5.3 Lifestyle Changes A patient will not recovers from angina if he or she did not change his or her lifestyle after taking medication or surgery as it plays a major role in their life. By changing their lifestyles, patients can avoid the symptom of angina and improve their heart health. For example, patients should adapt a healthy diet which is full of vegetables and fruits and quit smoking. Also, patients who are obese should try to lose their weight until it reaches the BMI (Body Mass Index) scale. Other than that, they should exercise regularly as directed by the doctors. However, the most important things are to avoid bringing on an episode of angina such as taking a break or rest when the angina comes on with exertion. Also, the patients need to avoid taking a large amount of food at a time after a heavy meal. Finally, patients need to learn how to distress when they facing difficulties as it will causes the angina to attack. 6.0 Clinical Scenario 6.1 Clinical Scenario 1 A 52 years old man has been presented to his doctor with a chest pain on exertion, which has occurred over the previous two weeks. He is diagnosed with angina. He received the following prescription Aspirin 75mg One tablet in the morning Atenolol 100mg One tablet in the morning GTN spray One dose as required for chest pain Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug which is to prevent the aggregation of platelets and thus, reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. 75mg of aspirin is prescribed to the old man is adequate to prevent the thromboxane A2 production and it is the initial dose given for long term treatment.11 Since aspirin is an acetylsalicylic acid, the old man should take the tablets in the morning after food in order to reduce the stomachache irritation. Patients who are diagnosed with asthma, pregnancy, haemophilia, hypertension and other bleeding disorders should avoid taking aspirins. Atenolol is a ÃŽ ²1 blocker which treats angina by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system. It lowers the heart rate and blood pressure, reduces the intake of oxygen and so, minimizes the frequency of angina. 100mg of atenolol is recommended daily in the morning because the blood pressure is at lowest level and thus, it can maintains the blood pressure.3 Atenolol should be keeps away from the light and heat and stored in a tightly sealed container. Doctors should explain to the patients about the side effects of the drug such as dizziness, fatigue and sexual dysfunction. However, patients cannot stop the medication as sudden withdrawal of atenolol may cause exacerbation of angina.11 GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray is an aerosol spray which is used to dilate and widen the walls of coronary arteries and increase the flow of blood to the heart.3 It is a common and most effective drug to ease angina as it provides a rapid relief of angina. Therefore, the patients should always carry the spray with them at all time. It should be used before the patients engaging any physical activities like climbing stairs which might lead to an acute attack of angina. The side effects of GTN spray are throbbing headache, flushing, nausea and dizziness.11 6.2 Clinical Scenario 2 A 79 years old lady with a history of congestive heart failure and angina receives the following prescription: Aspirin 75mg One tablet in the morning Imdur 60mg One tablet in the morning GTN tablets 500mcg One tablet as required for chest pain In scenario 2, the functions of aspirin are been described in scenario 1 but the dosage given to this lady is lower than in scenario 1. The prescription was given based on the decrease in bodyweight, total body water and mass. It is important to give a maximum level of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of medication in elderly patients with fewer side effects. Imdur, which contains isosorbite mononitrate is used to prevent the onset of angina. Nitrates are powerful vasodilators which minimizes the workload of the heart which leads to a decease in the myocardial oxygen demand. In this case, Imdur is given instead of beta-blocker because beta-blocker will reduce a patients heart rate and blood pressure which may lead to heart failure and therefore, it is not suitable for this lady with a history of congestive heart failure. Also, a dosage of 60mg Imdur is adequate and should taken once in the morning because the duration of its action can be up to 12 hours and to reduce the development of tolerance with respect to anti-angina effect.3, 11 Lastly, GTN tablets were prescribed instead of spray in order to provide relieve for angina. It has the same effects as GTN spray and it is administered under the tongue and being absorbed while the tablet dissolves when the pain develops. A dose is able to provide relief within a minute. The side effects of GTN tablets are the same as the spray. 7.0 Role of Pharmacist Doctors play a very important role in curing the patients who are diagnosed with heart attack and other diseases. However, the process is not complete without pharmacists because they are the people, who are well known for their responsibilities in prescribing medicines for the patients. Also, pharmacists also educate the public about angina by deliver the messages to the patients, making sure the patients understand about their condition and helping them to combat angina. So, an effective communication skill is needed in order to council the patients on their medication without any mistakes. There are some people who are not aware that they are suffering from angina due to the lack of knowledge about angina. As a result, some of them will simply prescribe themselves with painkiller or any medicines which can relief their chest pain without knowing about the dangerous of their condition. Thus, the pharmacists are responsible to deliver the information about angina to create awareness in the public. The information about the signs and symptoms can surely help the public to aware about their health and to go for a medical check up and seek treatment. Every patient are different and therefore, it is important that they are treated differently based on their condition, sex, age and existing condition such as hypertension, congestive heart failure and diabetes. This is because different conditions need different kind of medications in order to avoid any complications. For example, a patient who had heart failure and suffers from angina should not be prescribed with beta-blocker as beta-blocker will worsen the patient condition. Other than that, pharmacists should advise the patients on when and how to take the medication, the dosage of medication and how to keep the medication. This is crucial as a simple mistake can lead the patients to death such as overdose. Also, the pharmacists will advise the patients on what to avoid and how to take care of themselves so that they can faster recover from angina. For example, the pharmacists will advise them that they should avoid any vigorous activities and watch their diets. Lastly, a pharmacist should keep his/her patients conditions private and confidential as this is the trust which his/her patient had given them. Also, it can help the pharmacist to monitor the condition of their patients and to make sure that they will benefit most on the drug prescribed with the least side effects. 8.0 Conclusion As been described, angina is not a disease but a symptom indicating heart disease. It required a long term treatment in order to prevent angina from recurrence and should be taken seriously. So, the role of pharmacist is very essential by helping the patients in managing their life and educating them on angina in order to lead them to healthier life. 9.0 References Williams, H. Stevens, M. (2002) Chronic stable angina. Pharm.J.. 269:363-365 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Disease and Condition Index. Angina. Khan, M.G., Topol, E.J., Saksena, S. Goodwin, J.F. (1996) Heart Disease Diagnosis and Therapy, A Practical Approach. William Wilkins, Baltimore. Pages 133-183. Lily L. S. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Student Faculty. 3rd Edition (2203) Lippincott. William Wilkins. Timmis A. D. and Nathan A. W. (1997) Essential of Cardiology. 3rd Edition. American Heart Association, Fighting Heart Disease and Stroke. Angina. eHealthMD, Angina Pectoris. http://www.ehealthmd.com Accessed 28 Aug 2007. iVillage Total Health, Angina. http://heart.health.ivillage.com Accessed 29 Aug Patient UK, Radionuclide (Isotope) Scan. http://www.patient.co.uk Texas Heart Institute, Coronary Artery Bypass. http://texasheart.org British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary 43, March 2002. 2.4 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, 2.6.1 Nitrates, 2.6.2 Calcium-channel blockers and 2.9 Antiplatelet drugs.

Transnational Social Movements, International Nongovernmental Organizat

Transnational Social Movements, International Nongovernmental Organizations and Our State-centric World The 1999 Seattle protests brought the apparent proliferation of anti-globalization grassroot sociopolitical movements into the limelight of the world stage. Transnational social movements (TSMs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), as well as the loose transnational activist networks (TANs) that contain them—all these came to be seen as an angry and no less potent backlash that's directed at the powerful states and increasingly towering economic IGOs such as the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank. In the field of international relations, some regard this as a prophetic watershed event that signals the weakening and perhaps even collapsing of the state-centric system of international relations, while many others insist that Seattle is but an eventually insignificant episode in the book of globalization and state power, as evidenced by the Doha success. This paper attempts to address two questions that are at the heart of this dispute: Do TSMs and INGOs have any real power in today's international political arena against the traditional view of state dominance? And, if the answer to the previous question is yes, then does such a change merit a fundamental revision of the state-centric model of international relations? My answer to these two questions is threefold: First, I assert that TSMs and INGOs can and have posed substantial normative challenges to state hegemony, most commonly the notion that the state enjoys a monopoly on representation of its citizens and their interests. Furthermore, TSMs and INGOs that employ the use of violence (particularly terrorism) breach the conventional notion that states... ...ed Arjomand, Said Amir. â€Å"Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective.† World Politics, Volume 38, Issue 3 (1986. 4), 383-414. Griffith, William E. â€Å"The Revial of Islamic Fundamentalism: the Case of Iran.† International Security. Volume 4, Issue 1, 1979, 132-138. Khashan, Hilal. â€Å"The New World Order and the Tempo of Militant Islam.† British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1 (1997. 5), 5-24. O'Brien, Robert, et al. Contesting Glboal Governance. Cambridge, 2000. G. Hossein. â€Å"Legitimacy, Religion, and Nationalism in the Middle East.† The American Political Science Review, Volume 84, Issue 1 (1990. 3), 69-91. Tarrow, Sidney. â€Å"Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.† Annual Review of Political Science, 2001.4. Weaver, Mary Ann. â€Å"The Real Bin Laden.† The New Yorker, January 24, 2000.

Dealing with Difficult Clients and Opposing Essay

The State Bar of California and the Office of Section Education and Meeting Services are approved State Bar of California MCLE providers. Points of view or opinions expressed in these pages are those of the speaker(s) and/or author(s). They have not been adopted or endorsed by the State Bar of California’s Board of Governors and do not constitute the official position or policy of the State Bar of California. Nothing contained herein is intended to address any specific legal inquiry, nor is it a substitute for independent legal research to original sources or obtaining separate legal advice regarding specific legal situations. Dealing with Difficult People by Steven G. Mehta There seems to be no shortage of difficult people in the practice of law. Perhaps there is something in the water, or perhaps it is the economy. But no matter where you go, difficult clients or opposing counsel seem to be popping up out of nowhere. Indeed, take the case of the hypothetical mediator who had a recent encounter with an extremely difficult party who wanted to sabotage the mediation from the very beginning. The client insulted her own attorney, wouldn’t let the other parties speak, accused her attorneys and every attorney in the world of having no heart or emotions and being liars and accused the mediator of lying about the merits of the case. To top off her venom, she had already reported her attorneys to the bar and at every turn was trying to avoid resolving the case. At one point, one of her attorneys walked out of the mediation. In short – she was the mother of all nightmare parties. Unfortunately for mo st attorneys and mediators, they have met this type of client/party at some point in their career. Therefore, it is critical to understand how to deal with such difficult clients and opposing counsel. First, this article will identify some of the different types of difficult clients. Second, it will discuss general strategies on how to deal with difficult people. Finally, it will provide specific tools on how to deal with difficult clients or opposing counsel. The following are the most common types of clients that can walk into your office. Usually, this angry client will be very hostile towards you and others. Your staff may dread dealing with this person. Sometimes, it is unclear why the person is so angry. Be assured that this person’s anger will only get worse during litigation. Moreover, some or all of that anger will spill over to you and your staff. †¢ The vengeful or zealous client. Typically a vengeful or zealous client will be vengeful about many things and not just the cause for what you are being hired. This person will usually make it known that they are bringing â€Å"the fight† based on principle. Many times this desire for vengeance will overcom e any sense of rationality. †¢ The obsessed client. This client cannot stop thinking about the case, the injury, the wrong, and what can be done to address this problem. This client could easily call you several times a day to make sure that you are on top of the case. You could likely get too much information rather than too little. †¢ The emotionally needy client. This client is often emotionally fragile and insecure. Many times this person will be in a co-dependent relationship and is seeking to embroil you in another co-dependent relationship. This person may find it very difficult to make decisions. Mediation Offices of Steve G. Mehta 25124 Springfield Court, Ste. 250, Valencia, CA 91355 Tel: (661) 284-1818 Fax: 661 284-1811 Email: Steve@mehtamann.com Offices: Valencia & Los Angeles ÂThe angry or hostile client. †¢ The dishonest or deceitful client. Often this client will not tell you all the information they know to be relevant or will tell you the wrong information. †¢ The unresponsive client. This client often wants the appearance of an attorney who is providing independent advice but in reality doesn’t want your advice. This client simply wants you to rubber stamp his or her actions. Often, this client will reject your advice because it is contrary to her own. As stated by Sheila Blackford, author of Recognizing Difficult Client Types, â€Å"Clients often come to lawyers to determine the consequences of actions they have already taken or have decided to take.† Often these clients don’t want you as a lawyer, but are â€Å"forced† by others or circumstance to hire a lawyer. Beware that just as they are unwilling to accept your advice, they may also be unwilling to pay the bill for advice they do not want. Finally, there may be a combination of these t ypes of clients. You could end up with an angry, vengeful client that is obsessed. If that is your client, turn in the other direction and run. If this ends up being your opposing counsel, then in the famous words of the Robot in Lost in Space, â€Å"Danger, Will Robinson, Danger!† Now that difficult clients have been identified, it is helpful to look at some strategies that attorneys can use to combat both difficult or nightmare clients and opposing counsel. First, start out by examining yourself. Everyone can be difficult to deal with at times. Before you can determine whether the other person is the problem, make sure that you aren’t the problem. Are you over overreacting? Are you having a bad day? Why is this person affecting you? What buttons of yours are being pushed, and why? After examining whether you may be part of the communication problem or that you have misinterpreted the comments made towards you, then you will have a better idea as to whether this person is being offensi ve or difficult or whether it is you. In examining yourself, it is important to understand that everybody has an instinctual reaction to act when attacked. This is hardwired in our brains from the stone age days where we had to either react to a threat (fight) or flee from the threat (flight). In modern days, the threat is usually not physical, yet the body still gives issues the same fight or flight reaction. People end up having an immediate need to affirmatively right a wrong or injustice against them. More likely, a person can end up wanting to immediately defend his or her actions or position. This is partially because the attack against a person is affecting his or her internal observation of self worth that person’s standing in the community or amongst his peers. Often people feel the need to show that they are correct and that the other person is wrong. This knee jerk reaction, however, can do more damage than good. Indeed, when having such a reaction, most people perceive that it makes them feel good; but shortly thereafter, they regret having said and done what they did in the heat of the moment. The strategies listed hereafter are not in chronological order; but instead are different strategies that can be employed depending on the situation. First, PRESS THE PAUSE BUTTON. In sports after a particularly difficult call by the referee the commentators will press the pause button on the action and show an instant replay at a slower pace. This tool is not just beneficial in sports. The pause button can be very powerful in helping to deal with difficult people. The length of the pause can depend on the situation. In the case of a minor issue, you might treat the matter with a small pause, giving yourself just enough time to think. Indeed, this is exactly what attorneys tell their clients in preparation for deposition. After the question is asked, wait for a brief second before answering. That pause can help to avoid making a huge blunder by saying the wrong thing. In other cases, you might need a longer pause. You could simply ask for a five-minute break or ask to use the restroom; whatever excuse you need to give to allow yourself a moment to think. Once you have hit the pause button, you can then consider the comment or action, its impact on the scheme of things, and what you might want to do in response. Take for example, the case of one mediator. In one particularly nasty mediation, when a party insulted the mediator’s integrity to its foundation, the mediator simply took a moment to pause in the mediation to let the sting of the initial insult pass. Then he asked take a five-minute break while he digested the information just conveyed. Then when he returned, he simply moved the mediation forward as if the comment had never been made. Once the party realized that she couldn’t get a reaction to her insulting comments, she was forced to stop making them. Another rule to consider is that â€Å"You don’t have to win every argument.† As noted above, often the reason a person jumps into the fray is because she wants to prove that she is right. This is difficult for lawyers because they are trained to advocate their position. However, proving that you are right with a difficult person can simply entrench that person even further; and even though you may feel that you are right, the other person will never agree. Sometimes the best response is to let it go and have the satisfaction that you know that you are right. Another important strategy is to employ ACTIVE LISTENING skills. An important sign of respect for another person is to actually listen to what that other person has to say. How many times have you been in a situation where someone has said:â€Å"You aren’t listening to me.† One of the most powerful tools in addressing difficult people is using active listening skills. Active listening skills include avoiding any distractions – such as that pesky Blackberry – and really trying t o understand the other person’s positions and concerns. All too often attorneys are already working on their response while the other person speaks. clarify what you understand about the other person’s statements. Ask whether your restatement is an accurate version of what the other person feels. Sometimes, depending on the person, you might mirror some of the nonverbal cues the person displays. Studies show that by mirroring non-verbal gestures, the other person will feel more connected with you. Ask questions that elicit more information from the other person. Depending on the person, you may have to spend a considerable amount of time using active listening skills. However, at the end of such a process you might find that the difficult person is much less difficult. It is also important when dealing with difficult people that you try not to give that person an excuse to be even more difficult. As such, when you communicate your concerns or feelings try to avoid using terms that target the other person, such as â€Å"you† phrases which target the other person’s behavior. Instead, talk about your experience s using â€Å"I† phrases, such as â€Å"I was upset when I heard the comments.† This approach helps to avoid attacking the other person or accusing the other person of something. Match communication styles. Generally, people fall into three categories: Audio learners, visual learners, or Kinesthetic (or touch) learners. You can tell which style a person favors by the language she uses. Think about whether the other person is using visual language such as color, seeing, and pictures or whether the person is using audio language such as hearing, sounds, vibrations, etc. Then try to match their language by using words that relate to those styles in your responses. For example, with a visual person you might comment, â€Å"I see your position,† but with an audio person you might say, â€Å"I hear what you are saying.† If the difficult person puts you in a position where you are required to respond, ask that person what exactly he is upset about. This will help to demonstrate that you are interested in solutions rather arguing. This strategy then can allow you to incorporate active listening once the person explains to you their concern (irrational or otherwise). Finally, if after an unreasonable attack against you, consider agreeing with a small portion of the statement. This can accomplish several things. First, it can help you avoid jumping in to defend yourself and continuing the unhealthy communication. More importantly, however, it can allow you to create something in common with the angry person and may appease their irrational anger. These general strategies can be very useful in dealing with all types of difficult people. But what about the difficult client or lawyer? There are several specific strategies to work with these individuals. First, there is a saying that the best client you will ever have is the one that you don’t take. In other words, sometimes it is far better to not take a client than to take a client and have nightmares wondering if you are going to be called by the Bar or se rved with an unjustified malpractice suit. matter how lucrative, are just not worth the risk and the stress. Many times if the client is difficult as a prospective client, that person will only get worse during the representation. If you don’t have the luxury of refusing to represent a certain person, establish boundaries. You can limit your involvement to specific interactions. You can also establish boundaries for when and how many calls you might take on a particular topic. One lawyer has a written guideline for all of his clients which establishes what the lawyer will and won’t do in the legal process, including responding to calls on the weekend. Third, you can establish specific requirements for your clients in the very first meeting and before you sign the retainer. Along those same lines, one of the major frustrations for attorneys is clients that have unreasonable expectations of the result and process. By providing the clients with a detailed explanation of what they can expect, and what you expect, y ou can minimize difficult communications. This principle can also work very effectively with opposing counsel. If counsel is abusive to you or your staff, you can set down ground rules for future communications. If those ground rules are not honored, then you can limit your communications. For example, one lawyer lets the opposing counsel know that if there are any further abusive phone calls, then all further interactions will have to be in writing. Moreover, if the opposing counsel persists in his or her actions, then all writings will not be by fax or email, and will only be accepted and given in the mail. One lawyer has gone so far as to require that all conferences be videotaped. Unfortunately due to the nature of the practice of law which involves conflict scenarios, there will continue to be difficult people in the practice of law. There are many strategies for dealing with difficult people. This article has only addressed a few of them. However, armed with these strategies, it is possible to substantially decrease the number of difficult interactions and the stress related to those interactions. Research sources: http://www.abanet.org/lpm/magazine/articles/v36/is4/pg41.shtml Pyschology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200609/dealing-difficultpeople Steven G. Mehta, Esq. is a full time mediator based in Los Angeles with offices in Downtown and Valencia and specializes in emotionally complex cases involving elder law, injury cases, and employment disputes. He can be reached through his website at www.stevemehta.com. Mediation is a tool to help people recognize their responsibility for things, to negotiate a solution and to move on with their lives. My role is to allow them to present their side, to ensure that they are heard and to help them achieve a resolution.† What, exactly, is Mehta’s magic? Understanding human dynamics. â€Å"Anyone can learn the law,† he points out. â€Å"Understanding people is where my expertise lies. There are two sides and two emotions to every story. I care about them both.† But there’s a huge chasm between understanding human dynamics and getting two frustrated, angry parties to agree. Mehta is very definitive about what it takes to bridge that gap and bring the parties together. â€Å"My ability to connect with each participant and develop trust is absolutely essential,† he says. â€Å"Then, I need to be creative about solutions. Finding a mutually satisfying settlement is as much art as it is law. Finally, I never give up. Nothing is impossible. The impossible just takes a little longer.† In the end, there is almost always an answer. When it’s over, it’s a solution the parties chose. â€Å"They feel empowered. Grateful. Relieved,† Mehta says. â€Å"Most importantly, they feel free to move on with their lives.† Now, that’s a masterful job.

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, 20th-Century Design Pioneer

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, 20th-Century Design Pioneer Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (born Laszlo Weisz; July 20, 1895 - November 24, 1946) was a Hungarian-American artist, theorist, and educator who strongly influenced the aesthetic development of industrial design. He taught at Germanys famed Bauhaus school and was a founding father of the institution that became the School of Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Fast Facts: Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Occupation: Painter, photographer, filmmaker, industrial designer, and educatorBorn: July 20, 1895 in Bacsborsod, HungaryDied: November 24, 1946 in Chicago, IllinoisSpouses: Lucia Schulz (divorced 1929), Sibylle PietzschChildren: Hattula and ClaudiaSelected Works: Collage with Black Centre (1922), A 19 (1927), Light Space Modulator (1930)Notable Quote: Designing is not a profession but an attitude. Early Life, Education, and Military Career Born in Hungary as part of the Weisz Jewish family, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy grew up with his mother as a single parent when his father abandoned the family of three sons. She was a second cousin of noted classical music conductor Sir Georg Solti. Moholy-Nagys maternal uncle, Gusztav Nagy, supported the family, and the young Laszlo took the Nagy name as his own. He later added Moholy in recognition of the town Mohol, now part of Serbia, where he spent much of his early life. The young Laszlo Moholy-Nagy originally wanted to be a poet and published some pieces in local newspapers. He also studied law, but service in the Austro-Hungarian military during World War I changed the direction of his life. Moholy-Nagy documented his service with sketches and watercolors. Upon discharge, he began attending the art school of Hungarian Fauve artist Robert Bereny. Collage with Black Centre (1922). Heritage Images / Getty Images German Career German architect Walter Gropius invited Moholy-Nagy to teach at his famed Bauhaus school in 1923. He taught the foundation course with Josef Albers and also replaced Paul Klee as Head of the metal workshop. Moholy-Nagys ascendancy marked the end of the schools association with expressionism and movement in the direction of industrial design. While he considered himself primarily a painter, Moholy-Nagy was also a pioneer experimenting with photography and film. In the 1920s at Bauhaus, he created abstract paintings influenced by dadaism and Russian constructivism. The impact of Piet Mondrians De Stijl work is also apparent. Some of Moholy-Nagys collages demonstrated influences from Kurt Schwitters. In photography, he experimented with photograms, exposing photo-sensitive paper directly to light. His films explored light and shadows like much of the rest of his art. By combining words with photography in what he called Typophotos, Moholy-Nagy created a new way of looking at the potential of advertising in the 1920s. Commercial designers adopted his approach in ways that resonate today. Light Space Modulator (1930). Sean Gallup / Getty Images In 1928, while under political pressure, Moholy-Nagy resigned from the Bauhaus. He established his own design studio in Berlin and separated from his wife, Lucia. One of his key works of the early 1930s was the Light Space Modulator. It is a kinetic sculpture using reflective metal and recently invented Plexiglas. Standing almost five feet tall, the object was initially intended for use in theaters to create light effects, but it functions as an art piece on its own. He created a film called Light Play Black-White-Grey to show what his new machine could do. Moholy-Nagy continued to develop variations on the piece throughout his career. American Career in Chicago In 1937, with a recommendation from Walter Gropius, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy left Nazi Germany for the U.S. to direct the New Bauhaus in Chicago. Unfortunately, after only a single year of operation, the New Bauhaus lost its financial backing and closed. A 19 (1927). Sailko / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 3.0 With support from ongoing benefactors, Moholy-Nagy opened the School of Design in Chicago in 1939. Both Walter Gropius and celebrated American education philosopher John Dewey served on the board. It later became the Institute of Design, and in 1949 became a part of the Illinois Institute of Technology, the first higher education institution in the U.S. to offer a Ph.D. in design. Some of Moholy-Nagys later career work involved creating transparent sculptures by painting, heating, and then shaping pieces of Plexiglas. The resulting pieces often appear playful and spontaneous compared with the artists industrial-influenced work. After receiving a leukemia diagnosis in 1945, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He continued to work and teach until his death from leukemia on November 24, 1946. A II (1924). Sailko / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 3.0 Legacy Laszlo Moholy-Nagy impacted a broad array of disciplines, including industrial design, painting, photography, sculpture, and film. He helped bring modern aesthetics to the industrial world. With his combination of typography and photography in collage work, Moholy-Nagy is considered one of the founders of modern graphic design. Source Tsai, Joyce. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy: Painting after Photography. University of California Press, 2018.

How Much You Should Pay for Essays

How Much You Should Pay for Essays How Much You Should Pay for Essays Often, students have doubts whether to ask for help with writing papers on different topics. Of course, the price matters a lot, but first of all, you have to determine if it is really worth doing so. Very few people are born writers, so the only way out for others is to practice hard to master their skills. You need a lot of time for that as well as every paper should be finished by the due date. Students often feel nervous because they have to race against the time. If you want to write a paper by yourself, you have to be sure you know how to do it right. Anyway, even if you do it yourself, you may ask someone to check it, to correct mistakes and the structure of the paper. In such a case, you definitely need help from a professional writer. The question is, what price is both affordable and reasonable to pay for essays. Price vs. Quality There is no doubt that you can easily find an essay writing service that offers prices that are lower than usual. You may think it is so great to have an opportunity to get the task you need for so little money, but on the other hand, try to think of an experienced writer who agrees to write an essay for a low price that does not correspond with their skills and knowledge. It is just not worth turning to them. If you pay too little for your essay, be ready to get the equal quality. Of course, you have to mind that no one will make any efforts to complete a great paper. Thus, the low rates a custom writing service produce have to be a red flag for you as you are more likely to receive not only a poor quality paper sample but also plagiarized. In this case, you have to decide what matters to you the most the quality or price. College writing assignments are not the thing to scrimp on. Isn’t it better to spend a little more and get a unique paper that meets your demands as well as gladden you by its quality? How to Get a Reasonable Assistance? What we offer you is a fair price policy for essays of high quality. Prices at start at $13 per page, which is a standard price for a task like this. In addition, you may be perfectly sure that the writer assigned to work on your order is an experienced specialist. All the writers employed had to show results sufficient enough to meet your requirements. Besides, they also know how to format a paper, so you don’t need to worry about that as well. Whether you need your paper to be formatted in MLA, APA, or Harvard, our writers will effortlessly deal with that. So, place an order with our essay writing service, fill in the order form mentioning all the necessary details to let the writers know what kind of paper you need. Make your instructions clear and precise to avoid any misunderstandings. Select your academic level, type of the paper needed, the number of pages, and the deadline to know how much you will need to pay for your essay. We will do our best to assign the most suitable writer to your order. Why not get high-quality custom help at an affordable price?

Crime in the U.S. essays

Crime in the U.S. essays Since the attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, we have become more fearful of crime than ever before. The groups that are more fearful of crime are typically not the groups that are the most victimized. Our nation, as a whole, needs to implement more ways to reduce the fear of crime that we have. These ways can begin as close as our own homes. According to the 2002 Department of Justice summary findings of victim characteristics, the people most likely to become victims of violent crime are single low income African-Americans and Hispanics, ages 12 to 24 that are living in urban areas. The people most likely to become victims of property crimes are also low income African-American and Hispanics living in low-income urban areas. But the difference is that the age group jumps from 12 to 24 and moves to the elderly. People with the greatest fear of crime in our nation are, for the most part, the same as the actual victims. This group is comprised of mostly females, African-Americans and Hispanics, those over 30, low income, and living in urban areas. The correlation between the two groups is that they are made up of mostly African-Americans and Hispanics living in low income, urban areas. There are many ways to reduce our fear of crime. Most of them can be done right in our own backyard. Teaching good values to our children at a young age may be able to stop crime before it even starts. We can also utilize the school and church programs to help instill good values in our children and help to keep them off of the streets. As a community, there are various programs that can be taken advantage of to help reduce our fear of crime and can actually reduce crime. One program is the neighborhood watch. This program helps neighbors get acquainted with each other, which may help recognize things that may be suspicious. One more way that has proven very effective is the neighborhood revitalization program. This program gets the co...

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Insurance Practices - Essay Example On one hand and often uppermost in the mind of the healthcare organizations, they may estimate the upper limit of the compensation they may need to claim and then compare the premium which they must pay. On the other hand, important factors also include the nature of the insurer, the way the insurer manages claims, the obligations and benefits specified in the policy and possibilities of additional insurance coverage (Thornton). Of interest to the healthcare organization is not only the capacity of the insurer to pay out claims finally awarded, but also to fund the costs of ongoing litigation in the meantime. Healthcare organizations must understand that ' Serious problems can arise in each of these areas that can make a health care liability claim even worse than imagined' (Thornton). Aggravating factors that work to increase claims are the cost of continued healthcare to treat or remedy the problem under discussion and the potential loss of earnings for the plaintiff. (Bell). In some cases the rocketing level of claims awarded have driven healthcare insurance companies out of certain states because they cannot afford to do business in those circumstances. Only revised state legislation capping the level of claims made has allowed them to return and resume business with the healthcare organizations in the area. (Thornton). The first category, workers' compens... The first category, workers' compensation insurance, protects the healthcare organization from legal action following accidents or illness suffered by its employees in the workplace and funds the medical attention and compensation for lost income for employees affected by such events; workers' compensation insurance applies no matter whose fault the accident or illness was, as long as it was workplace related (Insurance Information Institute). The second category, liability insurance, applies to a third party other than the insured and its employees, meaning a person or persons who have not contracted with the insurer (Farlex). Policies for liability insurance are defined in accordance with a maximum level of payment to be made by the insurer per stated period (typically 1 year). If the healthcare organization wishes to have insurance coverage above this level, this is typically available from the insurer. The insurer then often pays for legal costs associated with such claims in excess of the original amount, although this is by no means an absolute rule (Bell) Liability insurance can then be further sub-categorized into claims made and occurrence policies. Claims made policies taken out by a healthcare organization protect the organization against claims or events reported during the term of the policy (Tennant). At the discretion of the insurance company, such a policy will typically cover events prior to the claims made policy term, if a similar claims made policy was in operation immediately before the term of the current claims made policy. These claims are settled according the law as it was defined at the moment of the event triggering the claim, rather than at the moment when the claim itself is made. Occurrence

Writing Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Assignment - Research Paper Example This is called bounded rationality. We all know that NASA from very long wants to send a man to Mars. But, since this would be the very first time a man would be going to Mars, we have only limited information available about that planet. So, this first visit to Mars might not lead to a definite success for NASA. According to Simon, to satisfice means to take a decision which is good-enough for the present situation. The term Satisficing is also called Muddling Through. The word Satisfice was coined by Herbert Simons. It refers to a sub-optimal choice made by the decision maker which he considers to be good enough. Satisificing, therefore, is a decision making process which leads to a near optimal solution and not the optimal one. Satisficing is not a form of rational actor behavior, since the rational behavior would lead to the most optimal alternative available as the decision. But, satisficing considers the sub-optimal decision. Satisificing is more closely akin to bounded rationality since both these approaches lead to a decision which is not the most optimal or rational one. Simon wished to replace the economic assumption of global rationality since he strongly believed that it is not possible for human beings to behave rationally because of their computing limitations, and also time and information accessing limitations. Simon believed that the way humans ‘actually’ make decisions is by following the approaches of bounded rationality and satisficing (Newell, 1972). I strongly agree with Simon on his approach to decision making. His approach does make sense because human decision making has a lot of challenges in terms of selecting the best alternative. I would like to enlighten this with the help of an important recent happening which is the law enforcement in recent London riots. The laws were enforced in a way such that the riots are deterred immediately. Even if the culprits could not be caught of immediately, it

RISK MANAGEMENT & EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIIPS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RISK MANAGEMENT & EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIIPS - Essay Example â€Å"Risks need to be properly identified, evaluated and addressed† (Sharp, 2009). Managers of the companies focus properly on identifying and assessing the risks, which the companies are likely to face at some point in future employee security, workplace safety, and computer systems security. An effective and well-organized mechanism is required in order to analyze the risks while achieving the balance between identified risks and the operational necessities of the companies. Let us now talk about employee relationships. Employee relationships refer to the efforts to maintain good relationships among employees of a company. The importance of maintaining employee relationships relates to its contribution in the success of a company. There is a specific employee relations department in most of the companies, which assists concerned authorities in different matters, such as, job training, mediation, employee support, and handling misconduct complaints. It is the responsibility of the employee relations department of a company to foster healthy and resourceful relationships between employees in order to make them productive for the company. Prior to this class, I would have handled the risk management and employee relationships issues somewhat differently that I can do it now as the manager of employee relations department. I would not have made a good use of my skills and abilities required to perform my job. This class made me aware of my exact roles and responsibilities as the manager. Before I took this class, I did not have a clear idea of the exceptions to the employment-at-will. I was not fully aware of three key issues, which included public policy, implied contract, and good faith and fair dealing. After the class, I became aware of the concept of employment-at-will properly. Without having an understanding of these concepts, I

Environmental Regulation and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Regulation and Protection - Essay Example The political factors include; environmental regulation and protection, consumer protection, international trade regulations, employment laws, taxation, and competition regulations among others. Environmental Regulation and Protection The government through Environmental Protection Agency imposes various rules and regulations to protect the environment. These rules impact on businesses directly especially the manufacturing industries which are high pollutants of environment. Moreover, customers are nowadays buying products from green companies who are environmentally friendly thus putting pressure on businesses to go green (Robbins & Coulter, 2009).Those businesses who have not appreciated green strategies thus risk losing their businesses. The New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) is the body concerned with environmental regulation through Protection of Environment Operations Act (PEOA) of 1997. Businesses are supposed to acquire licenses and carry out environmental training for the staff. Strict penalties and fines are applied to those individuals and businesses that contravene the law and pollute water, air, land and for improper waste management. The organization thus needs to continuously update itself on environmental laws to avoid prosecution. For example, a copper manufacturer was fined $28, 000 for causing toxic overflow in Sydney (NSW, 2011). Fernando (2010) argues that businesses should convert environment issues to their own advantage. Those businesses who protect the environment earn themselves a good reputation. Others engage in continuous innovations hence improving the environment as well as the business. Businesses also are forced to use environmentally friendly product and packages and also processes and these are cost effective. For example, McDonalds was forced to use recycled materials in packaging and transport by customers. Consumer Protection The government has the responsibility of protecting consumers form uncouth businessmen through various measures such as setting quality standards, safety standards and ensuring efficient distribution of goods and services (Fernando 2010). Sometimes, businessmen carry out extensive advertisement of products thus attracting buyers but the goods may be substandard. It is the role of government to ensure all relevant information is put on labels to avoid such instances. It also enforces regulations such as those stipulated on standard weight and measures Act, consumer protection Act among others. Such rules impact on the business as it is required to change its advertising techniques as well as pricing. For example, a government control on cigarettes may force businesses to close or lower production. In India, the Essential Commodity Act of 1955 allows the government to declare any commodity as essential hence control its production and distribution (Fernando, 2010). International Trade Regulations Most countries have opened their borders to free trad e but sometimes, they enforce trade restrictions to protect critical industries from competition. Most countries have also entered into trade agreements with trading partners and these agreements form basis for international trade rules. For example, World Trade Organization (WTO), North America

Writing Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Assignment - Research Paper Example This is called bounded rationality. We all know that NASA from very long wants to send a man to Mars. But, since this would be the very first time a man would be going to Mars, we have only limited information available about that planet. So, this first visit to Mars might not lead to a definite success for NASA. According to Simon, to satisfice means to take a decision which is good-enough for the present situation. The term Satisficing is also called Muddling Through. The word Satisfice was coined by Herbert Simons. It refers to a sub-optimal choice made by the decision maker which he considers to be good enough. Satisificing, therefore, is a decision making process which leads to a near optimal solution and not the optimal one. Satisficing is not a form of rational actor behavior, since the rational behavior would lead to the most optimal alternative available as the decision. But, satisficing considers the sub-optimal decision. Satisificing is more closely akin to bounded rationality since both these approaches lead to a decision which is not the most optimal or rational one. Simon wished to replace the economic assumption of global rationality since he strongly believed that it is not possible for human beings to behave rationally because of their computing limitations, and also time and information accessing limitations. Simon believed that the way humans ‘actually’ make decisions is by following the approaches of bounded rationality and satisficing (Newell, 1972). I strongly agree with Simon on his approach to decision making. His approach does make sense because human decision making has a lot of challenges in terms of selecting the best alternative. I would like to enlighten this with the help of an important recent happening which is the law enforcement in recent London riots. The laws were enforced in a way such that the riots are deterred immediately. Even if the culprits could not be caught of immediately, it

Environmental Regulation and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Regulation and Protection - Essay Example The political factors include; environmental regulation and protection, consumer protection, international trade regulations, employment laws, taxation, and competition regulations among others. Environmental Regulation and Protection The government through Environmental Protection Agency imposes various rules and regulations to protect the environment. These rules impact on businesses directly especially the manufacturing industries which are high pollutants of environment. Moreover, customers are nowadays buying products from green companies who are environmentally friendly thus putting pressure on businesses to go green (Robbins & Coulter, 2009).Those businesses who have not appreciated green strategies thus risk losing their businesses. The New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) is the body concerned with environmental regulation through Protection of Environment Operations Act (PEOA) of 1997. Businesses are supposed to acquire licenses and carry out environmental training for the staff. Strict penalties and fines are applied to those individuals and businesses that contravene the law and pollute water, air, land and for improper waste management. The organization thus needs to continuously update itself on environmental laws to avoid prosecution. For example, a copper manufacturer was fined $28, 000 for causing toxic overflow in Sydney (NSW, 2011). Fernando (2010) argues that businesses should convert environment issues to their own advantage. Those businesses who protect the environment earn themselves a good reputation. Others engage in continuous innovations hence improving the environment as well as the business. Businesses also are forced to use environmentally friendly product and packages and also processes and these are cost effective. For example, McDonalds was forced to use recycled materials in packaging and transport by customers. Consumer Protection The government has the responsibility of protecting consumers form uncouth businessmen through various measures such as setting quality standards, safety standards and ensuring efficient distribution of goods and services (Fernando 2010). Sometimes, businessmen carry out extensive advertisement of products thus attracting buyers but the goods may be substandard. It is the role of government to ensure all relevant information is put on labels to avoid such instances. It also enforces regulations such as those stipulated on standard weight and measures Act, consumer protection Act among others. Such rules impact on the business as it is required to change its advertising techniques as well as pricing. For example, a government control on cigarettes may force businesses to close or lower production. In India, the Essential Commodity Act of 1955 allows the government to declare any commodity as essential hence control its production and distribution (Fernando, 2010). International Trade Regulations Most countries have opened their borders to free trad e but sometimes, they enforce trade restrictions to protect critical industries from competition. Most countries have also entered into trade agreements with trading partners and these agreements form basis for international trade rules. For example, World Trade Organization (WTO), North America

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Profits in equity are a function of timing and costs. Trading strategies are essentially focused on maximizing profits through cost maximization which in turn is linked with transaction costs. Thus cost of trading in also a consideration for determining trading strategy. Transaction costs are said to include commissions, execution and opportunity costs. (Collins. Fabozzi : 1991). Commissions are most easy to define as these are fixed and relate to the fees paid for trading. However there is a problem of measuring execution and opportunity costs as these are neither fixed nor can be easily measured. While a number of approaches have been developed for measuring opportunity and trading costs, a method to suit all circumstances has not been evolved thus far. The complexities involved and since minor differentials make major variation in profits an effective strategy to constantly provide yield is difficult. Investment strategies thus attempt to rationalize trading to provide benefits from execution as well as opportunity costs. Since there is no uniform strategy that can assure trading profits it is very difficult to balance the large number of factors which affect trades. Timing in fact is a constant which affects both opportunity and execution costs. Opportunity Costs and execution costs are both a variable component of transaction costs. Thus profits in transaction are determined by opportunity and execution costs and the balance that will be maintained between these. Opportunity costs are the performance shortfall that arises from a failure to execute the desired trade at the desired time. These indicate the difference between actual investment and the performance of a desired investment. This is adjusted for fixed and execution costs. Thus opportunity cost is incurred for not being able to implement the desired trade. Since opportunity costs are missed investment opportunities, these could in some respects be called hypothetical costs and thus are difficult to calculate. (Collins. Fabozzi : 1991) Execution costs arise out of the demand for immediate execution and are said to reflect the demand for liquidity and the trading activity at the time and date of conducting trade. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). These vary with the investment style and trading demands of the investor. Both information motivated traders and information less traders could use strategies to benefit from execution costs. The information motivated trader acts in the belief that he has superior information to that available to the average dealer. Thus he executes the trade using this information for making profits. This style of trading has a large price impact. On the other hand the information less trader allocates wealth based on a price which has been factored in the trade. These have a lesser impact than information motivated traders. The problem measuring execution costs occurs as the difference in the price of the costs in absence of a trade is not observable. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991) Execution costs are determined by market impact and market timing costs. Market impact costs are the bid/ask spread and a price concession that compensates the buyer or seller for the risk that the investor’s transaction is information motivated.   The Market timing costs arise due to the fact that at the time of execution of the trade the asset’s price moves for reasons which are not related to the transaction.   Market impact measurement is dependent on the pre trade measures, the post trade measures and also average measures which can be undertaken throughout the day. These approaches aim to define the fair value of the trade at a particular time. It is this that determines execution costs. Market making strategy thus attempts to balance opportunity and execution costs. Patient trading strategies may result in high execution costs while aggressive trading strategies could impact the other way. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). On the other hand the cost management methodology is designed to capture maximum elements of the transaction process. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). Execution costs are also shown to be higher in an automated trading process in Paris relative to the New York Stock Exchange with floor based trading with human intervention. The lower execution in floor based system suggests that there is benefit in human intervention in the trading process. This is possible as the NYSE specialist is able to maintain narrow spreads, can anticipate future order imbalances and also helps reduce the volatility of transitory movements in share prices. Thus as specialist and floor traders use the human intellect to make time preferred trades, execution costs in manual trading are considerably lower than those in automated trading. This is also supported by the role played by market makers in forming prices and providing liquidity in the securities market as per example gleaned from the trading behavior of market makers on the New York Stock Exchange. (Madhavan. Smidt: 1993).       Reference Madhavan, Ananth. Smidt, Seymour. (1993). `An Analysis of Changes in Specialist Inventories and Quotations`, Journal of Finance, Vol 48, 1993 2. Venkataraman, Kumar. `Automated Versus Floor Trading: An Analysis of Execution Costs on the Paris and New York Exchanges, Journal of Finance, Vol 56, No. 4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collins, Bruce M. Fabozzi, Frank. (1991).   `A Methodology for Measuring Transaction Costs`, Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 1991. Preferred language style: English(U.K.)

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay ONE SHOT ONE KILL is how Sniper Gun works. The term Sniper was first used in 1824 in the sense of word Sharpshooter. The main purpose of this gun is to destroy valuable targets at extended range. In most of the cases, target means human beings (enemy soldiers, armed terrorists and criminals). The range of such weapon is between 100 to 1000 meters and it is especially used in military and special operations. Basically there are three types of sniper rifles: Military, Police/Law Enforcement and Special Task Sniper Rifles. Some of the best Snipers in world are M24, USA; Dragunav SVD, Russian; Heckler and Koch XM-8, Germany and Vidhwansak AMR, Indian. Main objective of this review is to provide an insight about types of sniper guns, their construction, mechanism and how we can make them better using Laser, Infra red, GPS system, Sniper detectors and Laser guided bullets to make sniper a complete solution for Army. Introduction It has been hundred years now and Sniper is still the favorite toy of Army. This is because of the design and capabilities of this weapon system and specialized scopes, butt stocks and bipod arrangements making sniper more dangerous. However, proper training and experience can differentiate sniper from true sharp shooter men. Sniper is now the ultimate finisher, a true modern-day ninja which makes its own way few miles away. Sniper rifles come in a powerful array of automatic and bolt-action styles and makes. Most of the snipers are modified with specialized telescopic sights offering the best in accuracy-inducing ergonomics. Sniper rifles have more recently been fielded in the highly-lethal point fifty calibers round which is capable of penetrating engine blocks and can left the human bodies covered in body armor. It is the best soldier as it has unique advanced in recoil, specialized ammunition and highly technical sight. Usually have this image of a sniper working alone behind ene my lines, a sniper is only made better by the use of a spotter and together they make a sniper team following the target through his own scope and calling out adjustments in trajectory and wind age as needed. This working in unison provides a most powerful and lethally hidden element to any war. Consequently, it does not take too much experience to be trained in being a sniper type element on the opposite side. It then becomes a case of the hunter becoming the hunted [1]. History of Sniper Use of Sniper goes back to as early as Sixteenth Century; snipers first victim was Takeda Shingen in Japan. In Britain Sir Lord Brooke, senior parliamentarian was killed during English Civil War by sniper. Similarly this weapon was also used in American War OF Revolution. The first Rifle Regiments was formed by British Army during Napoleonic War. Use of such weapon than started becoming the need of army as it was highly accurate and was modified easily according to its need. During American Civil War US Sharp shooters who were trained under Colonel Hiram Berdnam killed more enemy than any other Union Army with their point fifty two caliber sniper rifle. In the same war Sg.Ben Powell sniped Major General John Sedgwick at a distance of 798 yd during battle of Spotsylvania Court House. This weapon was then used for assassinations due to its high range aim by criminals. Twentieth century changed the outlook of sniper. These guns were the main weapons in WORLD WAR I and II. Junior Lieuten ant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) credited of killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock has achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills in Vietnam War. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250  m (2,460  yd) (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. Canadian soldier Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430  m (2,657  yd) using a point fifty caliber (12.7  mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Boon of science and technology has changed the outlook of Military Weapons and these weapons are transforming to new level by every birth [2, 3]. Basic Construction Main parts of sniper gun Main parts of sniper gun are: Barrel and Receiver Bolt with Bolt Support Safety Lever Assembly Magazine Butt Upper Band Assembly Hand Guard L.H.Assembly Hand Guard R.H.Assembly Sight Leaf Assembly Front-Sight Base and Body Assembly These can be further divide into various parts which are shown in Figure 1 and enlisted in Table 1 [4]. Figure.1 Table 1: Various parts of sniper gun Sr no Components Sr no Components 1 Bolt Support 21 Front Sight Body 2 Firing Pin 22 Front 3 Cover 23 Pusher 4 Guiding Rod 24 Front Sight Base 5 Guiding Bushing 25 Barrel 6 Bolt 26 Upper Band Assembly 7 Extractor Pin 27 Band Axle Pin 8 Firing Pin Stud 28 Oil Seal Assembly 9 Extractor Spring 29 Hand Guard 10 Extractor 30 Upper Band with Spring 11 Return Spring 31 Magazine Body Assembly 12 Sight Leaf Slide 32 Magazine Spring 13 Sight Leaf 33 Magazine Cover 14 Hand Guard, L.H 34 Sight Leaf Assembly 15 Pusher Spring 35 Follower 16 Gas Tube Latch 36 Receiver 17 Gas Chamber 37 Accidental Shot Safety Device 18 Gas Piston 38 Firing Trigger Mechanism 19 Gas Tube 39 Cover Axle Pin 20 Gas Regulator 40 Butt Assembly MECHANISM OF WORKING Sniper mainly works on the following mechanism: a. Firing and Trigger Mechanism b. Cover and Retracting Mechanism Working of Sniper is very simple and basic; it is a self reloading weapon. This reloading depends upon the energy obtained from powder gas which arc channeled from barrel bore to piston gas. Upon firing, a certain amount of the powder gases following the bullet flows through the port in the barrel bore wall into the gas chamber, exerts pressure upon the front wall of the gas piston and throws back the piston with pusher and, consequently, the bolt support into the rearward position. As the bolt support travels rearward, the bolt opens the barrel bore; the Cartridge case gets removed from the cartridge chamber and ejected out of the receiver. The bolt support compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer; i.e. engages it with the auto-safety cocking cam. The bolt support and the bolt return to the front position under the action of the retracting mechanism; as a result, the bolt feeds the next cartridge from the magazine into the cartridge chamber and closes the barrel bore, whil e the bolt support disengages the auto-safety sear from the hammer. The hammer gets cocked. The bolt gets locked, after it has been turned to the left and its locking lugs engaged with recesses of the receiver. To fire a shot, it is necessary to release the trigger and press it anew. After the trigger has been released, the rod modes forward and its hook engage the sear and, if pressed, the rod hook turns the sear and disengages it from the hammer cocking cam. The hammer actuated by the mainspring turns round its pin and strikes the firing pin. The latter travels forward and impinges the primer. Thus, a shot is fired. With the last cartridge fired and the bolt returned to the rearward position, the magazine follower lifts the bolt catch; the latter engages the bolt to stop the bolt support in the rearward position. Thus, it is necessary to load the rifle anew. The rifle has a gas regulator, which serves to change recoil speeds of moving parts. Under conditions of proper servicing with the parts lubricated, the gas regulator is set at division a. On firing during a long time without cleaning and lubricating and heavy soiling of the rifle, stoppage may occur incomplete recoil of the moving parts. In this case the regulator is set at division. b. To change the regulator from one positions to another use the rim of the cartridge case or the cartridge [4]. PRESENT SENARIO OF SNIPER Science and Technology has lead to the development of new prototype advance weapon system. Some of the best snipers with their specifications in the world are given in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of different types of Sniper guns [5-58]. Name Of Sniper Gun Type In Service Variants Weight Action Effective Range Feed System Istiglal Anti-Material Rifle(5-13) Anti-materiel rifle 2008-present 12.7x108mm 44.0 lbs (20.0 kg) Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 3,000  m (9,843  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine FAMAE FD-200(14) Designated Marksman Rifle 2000-present NA 5.10  kg Gas operated 800 m SIG 542 compatible magazines 7.62 Tkiv 85 (15) Sniper rifle 1984-present NA 7  kg (15.4  lb) Bolt action 800  m (875  yd) 5-round magazine, loaded with 5-round charger clips Accuracy International Arctic Warfare (16) Sniper rifle 1982-present NA 6.5  kg (14.3  lb) Bolt-action 850  m/s (2,790  ft/s) 10-round detachable box magazine Accuracy International AS50(16) Anti-materiel rifle, Sniper rifle 2006-present 1 AS50 27 lb (12.2 kg) Direct impingement 1,500 m 5 or 10 round detachable box JNG-90 (17-20) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA NA Rotating bolt 1000 m NA KNT-308(21) Sniper rifle 2008-presnt NA NA bolt action 1000+ m 5-round detachable box AMP Technical Services DSR-1(23-27) Bolt action rifle 2000-presnet DSR-1 Subsonic (7.62x51mm NATO) 5.9  kg (unloaded) without scope) Bolt-action 800  m -875  yd 5 round detachable box magazine Brà ¼gger Thomet APR(28) Sniper rifle 2005-present APR308P, APR308S, APR338 7.1-8.2kg Bolt-action, manually operated 1000-1038 yd 10-round detachable box magazine Armalite AR-50(29) Bolt action rifle 1997-1999 Armalite AR-30 (smaller caliber) 15.5kg Bolt action NA 1 bullet AWC G2 (30-31) Sniper Rifle 1990s-present G2, G2A, G2FA NA Gas-Operated, rotating bolt NA 20 round magazines Barrett M82 (32) Anti-materiel rifle 1989-present M82A1, M82A1A, M82A1M, M82A2, M82A3, M107 13.5-14kg Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 1,800  m (5,906  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine Blaser 93 Tactical (33) Sniper rifle 1993-present Blaser LRS 2 Blaser Tactical 2 5kg Bolt action NA 5-rounds detachable box magazine Bor rifle (34) Sniper rifle 2007-present Alex Tactical Sport Alex-338 6.1kg Bolt- action 800m 10-round detachable box magazine CheyTac Intervention (35) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 14kg Turn bolt 2000m 7-round detachable box CZ 700 sniper rifle(36) Sniper rifle NA 6.2kg Bolt Action NA 10-round detachable box C3A1 (37-39) Sniper rifle 1972-2003 NA 7.2kg Manually operated bolt action 800m 5 round detachable box Timberwolf (40) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 7.1kg Manually operated bolt action 1500m 5 round detachable box Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout(41) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 5.2-5.6kg Bolt action NA 5-7 round detachable box WKW Wilk(42) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 16.1kg Manually operated rotary bolt action 3000m 7 round detachable box VKS Sniper(43) Sniper rifle 2002-present NA 7kg NA 600m 5 round detachable box United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle(44) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 4.0-4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600-800m 5,10, and 20 round detachable box United States Navy Mark 12 Mod X Special Purpose Rifle(45-47) Sniper rifle 2002-present 4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600 yards 20 or 30 round STANAG magazine United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (48) Sniper rifle 2004-present NA 4.5kg Gas-operated (direct impingement) 660yard 20 or 30 detachable box T93 sniper rifle(49) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 5kg Bolt action Over 800m 5 round internal magazine M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (50-52) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 6.5kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt 1000m 10 or 20 detachable box Heckler Koch HK417 (53) Battle rifle NA Assaulter Recce (16 barrel standard and accurized) Sniper (20 barrel accurized 3.87-4.23kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20 detachable box FN Special Police Rifle (54) Sniper rifle 2004-present A1, A1a, A2, A4, A3 G, A5 M 4.9-7.5kg Bolt action NA 7.6251 mm (.308 Winchester):4-round detachable box magazine or 5-round internal box magazine .300 Winchester Short Magnum: 3-round internal box magazine Dragunov SVU (55) Sniper rifle 1994-present SVU-A 3.6kg Gas operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine Vidhwansak Anti Material0 Rifle (56-57) Anti-material rifle 2007-present NA 25kg Manual bolt action 1800m Magazine ADVANCEMENTS IN SNIPER Sniper Location Gunshot Detection Systems Snipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in present wars. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints. Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed here. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve response effectiveness and reduce vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the war fighters situational understanding in emergency situations, particularly when responding to ambush situations. The Boomerang acoustic shooter detection system was developed by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 additional systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation. Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of hostile fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooters position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify insurgent firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire. (Figure)[58]. The static installation kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking. Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed even faster using electro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities Rafaels Spotlight M and IAI/Eltas Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering an instant alarm and threat location when a si ngle shot is fired [58]. LASER Guided Bullet A small caliber laser-guided bullet having a self-contained guidance system is disclosed including on-board laser sensors and navigational circuits capable of detecting a laser target signature, determining the deviation of the bullet from an optimum projectory along which the bullet would impact a hostile target, and generating an electrical signal to piezo electric steering control surfaces to effect a change in the course of the bullet. The guided bullet utilizes a plurality of symmetrically arranged laser sensor elements which are positioned about a longitudinal axis of the bullet. The laser sensor elements function to transmit optical radiation from the laser target beam to photo detector elements housed within the bullet. The electrical signals from the photo detector elements are then amplified and processed by semiconductor logic circuits to produce the functions required by the steering control surfaces to translate the bullet to the optimum trajectory. Electrical power for the guidance system is provided by a miniature lithium polymer battery which is interconnected with the navigational circuits to produce the functions of the system. The guided bullet is fired from a precision, smooth bore weapon using a conventional expanding gas cartridge and is effective at ranges up to 3,000 meters and beyond. A bullet guidance system for guiding an in-flight bullet along an optimum trajectory along which said bullet would impact a laser identified target, said system comprising: laser beam detecting means contained within said bullet and being capable of receiving laser beam energy reflected from said target and converting said energy to electrical impulses; logic circuit means contained within said bullet having means therein responsive to receipt of said impulses for determining the deviation of said bullet from said optimum trajectory and for generating corrective signals in response to said impulses; steering control means having means therein responsive to said corrective signals in a manner to actuate said steering control means so as to deflect air flow about said bullet, said control means including at least deployable flap means being outwardly extensible from said bullet to deflect air flow about said bullet to impart a correctional momentum to translate said bullet to said optimum trajectory, said bullet being fired from a precision, smooth-bored weapon thereby not imparting axial spin to said bullet in the manner of a rifle; and power supply means contained within said bullet being inter connectable to said logic circuit and said steering control means to provide sufficient electrical power to produce the functions required by said system [59]. 6.3 Next-Generation Cant-Miss Snipers Snipers are already deadly accurate, pinpointing targets from a thousand meters away and more.   But a heavy crosswind can throw off even the surest shot.  This is why the military has started a largely-secret, crash program to build laser gun sights that compensate for the environment giving snipers lethal precision at 2000 meters range, in winds up to 40 miles per hour.   If it works out as planned, Defense Department researchers think the scopes will boost a snipers kill-rate by ten-fold, or more, and let snipers engage and pull the trigger in less than one second. Today, the agency notes, a 10mph wind could produce a miss even at 400 meters while in other cases the deviation could be much worse, exceeding 3 meters at 1200 meters range. The first method (to grossly, grossly oversimplify), is to shoot out a series of thousands of laser pulses, creating a profile of the eddies in the local atmosphere as the light bounces back.   The second involves using use a high-speed cam era to take an image of the target.  The eddies distort the phase of the light in that picture.   The scope, through a series of algorithms, can take those into account for the sniper team. Algorithms for the second approach have already been developed and field tested at University of Marylands Intelligent Optics Laboratory, Pentagon documents show, helping target objects 2300 meters away [60]. Super Sniper: Next Wars Secret Weapon Its probably not the game changing, secret weapon of the war. But it could help win the next one: a stealth sniper scope for invisible assassination.   Battles are increasingly about taking out a few select enemies, not large numbers of foes. Such device allows you to locate, target and kill a subject. Heat haze ordinarily throws off snipers. But SRVS changes heat haze from an obstruction into a means of enhancing the view. An effect called turbulence induced micro lensing means that every instant the heated air acts as a series of lenses; at a given moment you may be able to look right through them and see a magnified view of the scene beyond. The trick is to use digital technology to identify the lucky regions or lucky frames when a clear view appears and assemble them into a complete picture. The end result is a portable device 35 centimeters long and weighing two kilogram with an unprecedented capability. This sniper scope can beat the diffraction limit, which defines the best that any other optical device can do in conditions of severe heat haze, no less. Specifically, the SRVS will be good enough to positively ID individuals at sniping range: a. With an aperture not to exceed 6 cm, demonstrate that full scale facial images meeting ANSI INCITS 385-2004 can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km (representing a 3x improvement over current performance). b. Demonstrate better-than-diffraction-limited super-resolution imaging at a speed of not less than 1 Hz where human subjects moving at 1 m/s can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km. The spooky aspect of the SRVS is that even if the target is looking right at you, they wont see a thing because of the heat haze. A sniper using one of these will be a truly invisible assassin, with the ideal technology for picking off high-value targets. The prototype is supposed to be ready for early 2011, with finished units being delivered to Special Operations units in 2011 end. There are currently a number of anti-sniper systems (a.k.a. sniper detection systems, a.k.a. gunfire detection systems) that have been designed and developed for use by military infantry personnel [61]. CONCLUSION Sniper is the term of excellence in the Army. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopters gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullets as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Such advancements can give rebirth to new definition of Sniper which will change the whole outlook, and rest will be HISTORY. Such sniper will able to detect, blow the target well beyond 3000 meter range and will be most effective in counter terrorism. Thus we can prevent another 26/11- Mumbai attacks and save life of innocents.